双向箭头符号(双向箭头符号怎么打出来)
双向箭头两边的条件互为充分且必要条件,概念本身并不难理解,但是当原文中出现了一些指示双向箭头的内容,而我们没有意识到的时候,就会给条件推理的绘图造成极大的困扰,例如条件之间不能联接从而不能作出直接推理、箭头的方向和所需要构造充分条件的方向是反的,等等。今天就为大家总结双向箭头可能出现的九种情形:
前三种是BIBLE中为大家总结的基础形式:
1.当且仅当:if and/but only if; then and/but only then; when and/but only when; all but only
2.反之亦然:…, vice versa.
3.语意情形叠加:If A attends then B attends, and if B attends then A attends.
4. exclusive or:
either or…, but not both.
e.g. Either Tony or Linda will run for president, but not both.
可以写成两种形式的条件推理:
① Tony not run for president<--> Linda runs for president
② Linda not run for president <--> Tony runs for president
5. the special need:
To… , … only need….
e.g. To learn to cook, you only need a kitchen and a cooking handbook.
只要你有一个厨房和一本烹调手册,你就能学会做饭。可见厨房、烹调手册和学会做饭之间的关系是互为充分且必要条件。
对应的条件推理形式:learn to cook<--> have a kitchen and a cooking handbook
6. all that would be needed is that…
将上文第二句的表述写成条件推理的形式就应该是:
money-->(disappear<-->universal disbelief)
7. unique,unlike any other
e.g. Highly successful entrepreneurs are unique in that whenever they see a solution to a problem, they implement that idea.
该句写成条件推理应为:
highly successful entrepreneurs-->(see a solution to a problem <--> implement that idea)
8. but not otherwise/ otherwise…, not …
e.g. Principle: A police officer is eligible for a Mayor’s Commendation if the officer has an exemplary record, but not otherwise.
写成条件推理应为:
Police officer-->(be eligible for a Mayor’s Commendation<--> have an exemplary record)
9.原文的原命题要推导出结论中原命题的否命题,也就是原命题与其否命题要是等价的,那么箭头两边的范围是相等的,也就是说充分条件和必要条件之间的关系是互为充分且必要的。
Premise:
①Rich <-|->poor
②Honest <-|-> dishonest
③Poor farmers-->honest
Conclusion:
④Rich farmers-->dishonest
根据条件推理①和②,可以知道④是③的否命题,原命题要想和否命题等价,那就需要箭头两边的条件范围一致,farmers-->(honest<-->poor)。但因为原文已经写了原命题,这时候做充分假设只要补一个逆命题即可,亦即farmers-->(honest-->poor),写成文字即为:every honest farmer is poor.
上述绝非穷尽列举,LSAT内容之精深需要我们不断的进行研究,如有补充,望请留言。
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